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The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a classic example of blocking, which is a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it. The feeling that a person gets when they know the information, but can not remember a specific detail, like an individual's name or the name of a place is described as the "tip-of-the-tongue" experience. Two main areas of concern regarding memory errors are in eyewitness testimony and cases of child abuse. The consequences of memory errors can have significant implications. Furthermore, memory errors have been reported in individuals with schizophrenia and depression. Causes of such memory errors may be due to certain cognitive factors, such as spreading activation, or to physiological factors, including brain damage, age or emotional factors. In other instances, imagination of a certain event can create confidence that such an event actually occurred.

There are several different types of memory errors, in which people may inaccurately recall details of events that did not occur, or they may simply misattribute the source of a memory.